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PEST AND PEST CONTROL

Pest- any undesirable organism that is injurious to plants, either directly (ex. insects, or fungi)
or indirectly (ex. weeds).

THREE PREREQUISITES OF PEST DAMAGE OR INFECTION
1) plant susceptible
2) pest present
3) proper environment

PEST DAMAGE CONTROL
1) Plant Resistance
a) Genetic Resistance - this is the "ideal" method of pest damage control

2) Proper Environment
a) Favorable for plant
b) Unfavorable for pest

3) Eliminate Pest
    a) Quarantine - usually governmentally imposed
    b) Sanitation - wash pots and tools, hoses off ground, propagate clean plants, etc.
    c) Physical Control - bug traps, screens, sticky boards, etc.
    d) Biological Control - the use of one organism to control another organism.
         1) Bacillus thuringiensis Bt - a bacterium that controls caterpillars; purchase as a pesticide;
             one of first GMOs - Bt cotton
         2) grass carp (or white amour) - a fish that eats submerged aquatic weeds
         3) predaceous mites - eat other mites and small insects;
         4) parasitic wasps - lay eggs inside other insects; laying eggs; parasitized caterpillar
         5) Trichoderma - a fungus that controls other fungi
         6) allelopathy - secretion of chemicals by one plant that retards the growth of surrounding
                                  plants
    e)Pesticides - chemicals used to control pests; ex. fungicide, bactericide, insecticide, miticide,
                           herbicide.
         Modes of Action
         1) Contact Pesticide (insects and weeds)
         2) Systemic Pesticide (insects and weeds)
         3) Stomach Poison (insects only)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - the use of all strategies of pest damage control (resistance, cultural, biological, environmental and chemical) to minimize the economic impact of pests.

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TYPES OF PESTS - INSECTS

INSECTS

Class Insecta

Characterized by:

6 legs
3 body regions; head, thorax, abdomen
1 pair antenna
wings (may be reduced or vestigial)

from bugwood.org

Order Hemiptera - often called sucking insects or true bugs. Very common insect pests of horticultural plants. Characterized by: sucking mouth parts that extract phloem sap, often called sap suckers secrete honey dew - a sugary liquid that accumulates on leaves presence of sooty mold - a black to brown mold that grows on honey dew on the leaf surface (sooty mold does not infect or harm the plant; but it does shade-out light) are very commons plant pests, and includes aphids, mealybugs, scale and whitefly listed below
	1) aphid - sucking mouth parts; small soft bodies, green, brown or black; around growing point; ants may "farm" aphids
	2) mealybug - sucking mouth parts; soft bodies covered with cottony wax filaments
	3) scale- sucking mouth parts; covered by a hard shell
	4) whitefly - immature with sucking mouth parts; appear as translucent ovals under the leaf; adults are small white flies, adults do not harm the plant
Other Insects
	5) thrips- rasping-sucking mouth parts; cause lesions on young leaves and flower petals. damage
	6) leaf miner - bore meandering tunnels through leaves
	7) caterpillar - have chewing mouth parts and eat whole tissues; leave droppings
	8) grub and borer - larva of beetles; feed on roots, bore into wood of stems
	9) beetle - have chewing mouth parts and eat whole tissues damage
	0) grasshopper - have chewing mouth parts and eat whole tissues damage
	1) weevil - feed mainly on stored grain.

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TYPES OF PESTS - ARACHNIDS, NEMATODES AND MOLLUSKS

MITES

Class Arachnida (mites, spiders,ticks, scorpions) Characterized by: 8 legs 2 body regions; cephalothorax, abdomen no antenna or wings
	1) spider mite, red spider or spotted mite - very small; cause a fine yellow speckling on leaves where they feed, and form webs when severe.

NEMATODES - eel or wire worms (extremely small)

1) root-knot nematode - bore into roots and cause the root to have a swollen,
knotted appearance

MOLLUSK

	1) snail - with shells; chew on young plant parts, soft tissue; leave slime trails
	2) slug - without shells; chew on young plant parts, soft tissue; leave slime trails. slime trail - control with beer

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TYPES OF PESTS - DISEASES CAUSING PESTS AND WEEDS

DISEASE-CAUSING PESTS

pathogens - microorganisms that invade, infect and cause damage to another living organism.

Type Microorganism	Appearance/Symptoms on Plant
1) fungi long, multicellular filamentous microorganisms composed of membrane-bounded cells surrounded by cell walls	moldy or powdery appearance on leaf causes necrotic spots
2) bacteria usually rod shaped, single-celled (may form filaments) microorganisms composed of a membrane-bounded cell surrounded by a cell wall.	causes soft, mushy, odorous regions on leaves or stems, "soft rot" causes circular, ringed lesions or spots
3) virus rod-shaped, spherical or crystalline-shaped microorganisms composed of strands of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.	causes yellow mosaic or mottling of leaves
4) mycoplasma and spiroplasma pleomorphic (means takes on shape of the organism it is in) microorganisms with membrane-bounded cells, but without cell walls.
5) rickettsia-like organisms bacteria-like organisms that can only live inside living cells

WEEDS - any plant out of place.

Cause Damage by:
1) competition

2) allelopathy

3) expense

4) disease and insect hosts

5) contaminate foods

6) poisonous

7) aesthetically undesirable

8) parasite, ex. dodder, mistletoe